Dr Germain Fernando
Adjunct Principal Fellow
School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences
Researcher biography
Dr Fernando's current research interests include developing needle-free, pain-free, skin patch vaccines. Influenza and human papilloma virus vaccines are used as model vaccines in these studies.
Dr Germain Fernando completed PhD at the University of Arizona, USA, and did post-doctoral research at the Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA, before joining the University of Queensland in 1989. He has been working in the field of vaccinology for the last 28 years. He has a H-Index of 36.
He is a Senior Consultant at Vaxxas Pty. Ltd, Brisbane, Australia
Publications and Citation Metrics are available at the following website:
http://www.researcherid.com/rid/C-3733-2009
Book Chapter
Frazer, I. H., Tindle, R. W., Fernando, G. J., Malcolm, K. M., Herd, K. A., McFadyen, S. M., Cooper, P. D. and Ward, B. G. (1999). Safety and Immunogenicity of HPV16 E7/Algammulin. Vaccines for Human Papillomavirus Infection and Anogenital Disease. (pp. 91-104) edited by R. W. Tindle. Austin, USA: R.G. Landes Company.
Journal Articles
McMillan, Christopher L. D., Wijesundara, Danushka K., Choo, Jovin J. Y., Amarilla, Alberto A., Modhiran, Naphak, Fernando, Germain J. P., Khromykh, Alexander A., Watterson, Daniel, Young, Paul R. and Muller, David A. (2024). Enhancement of cellular immunity following needle-free vaccination of mice with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Journal of General Virology, 105 (1) ARTN 001947, 1-6. doi: 10.1099/jgv.0.001947
Coffey, Jacob W., van der Burg, Nicole M. D., Rananakomol, Thippayawan, Ng, Hwee-Ing, Fernando, Germain J. P. and Kendall, Mark A. F. (2022). An Ultrahigh-Density Microneedle Array for Skin Vaccination: Inducing Epidermal Cell Death by Increasing Microneedle Density Enhances Total IgG and IgG1 Immune Responses. Advanced NanoBiomed Research, 2 (8) 2100151. doi: 10.1002/anbr.202100151
McMillan, Christopher L. D., Azuar, Armira, Choo, Jovin J. Y., Modhiran, Naphak, Amarilla, Alberto A., Isaacs, Ariel, Honeyman, Kate E., Cheung, Stacey T. M., Liang, Benjamin, Wurm, Maria J., Pino, Paco, Kint, Joeri, Fernando, Germain J. P., Landsberg, Michael J., Khromykh, Alexander A., Hobson-Peters, Jody, Watterson, Daniel, Young, Paul R. and Muller, David A. (2022). Dermal delivery of a SARS-CoV-2 subunit vaccine induces immunogenicity against variants of concern. Vaccines, 10 (4) 578, 578. doi: 10.3390/vaccines10040578
Choo, Jovin J. Y., McMillan, Christopher L. D., Fernando, Germain J. P., Hall, Roy A., Young, Paul R., Hobson-Peters, Jody and Muller, David A. (2021). Developing a stabilizing formulation of a live chimeric dengue virus vaccine dry coated on a high-density microarray patch. Vaccines, 9 (11) 1301. doi: 10.3390/vaccines9111301
McMillan, Christopher L. D., Choo, Jovin J. Y., Idris, Adi, Supramaniam, Aroon, Modhiran, Naphak, Amarilla, Alberto A., Isaacs, Ariel, Cheung, Stacey T. M., Liang, Benjamin, Bielefeldt-Ohmann, Helle, Azuar, Armira, Acharya, Dhruba, Kelly, Gabrielle, Fernando, Germain J. P., Landsberg, Michael J., Khromykh, Alexander A., Watterson, Daniel, Young, Paul R., McMillan, Nigel A. J. and Muller, David A. (2021). Complete protection by a single-dose skin patch–delivered SARS-CoV-2 spike vaccine. Science Advances, 7 (44) eabj8065, eabj8065. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abj8065
Depelsenaire, Alexandra C. I., Witham, Katey, Veitch, Margaret, Wells, James W., Anderson, Christopher D., Lickliter, Jason D., Rockman, Steve, Bodle, Jesse, Treasure, Peter, Hickling, Julian, Fernando, Germain J. P. and Forster, Angus H. (2021). Cellular responses at the application site of a high-density microarray patch delivering an influenza vaccine in a randomized, controlled phase I clinical trial. PLoS One, 16 (7) e0255282, e0255282. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255282
Choo, Jovin J. Y., Vet, Laura J., McMillan, Christopher L. D., Harrison, Jessica J., Scott, Connor A. P., Depelsenaire, Alexandra C. I., Fernando, Germain J. P., Watterson, Daniel, Hall, Roy A., Young, Paul R., Hobson-Peters, Jody and Muller, David A. (2021). A chimeric dengue virus vaccine candidate delivered by high density microarray patches protects against infection in mice. npj Vaccines, 6 (1) 66, 66. doi: 10.1038/s41541-021-00328-1
Forster, Angus H, Witham, Katey, Depelsenaire, Alexandra C.I., Veitch, Margaret, Wells, James W., Wheatley, Adam, Pryor, Melinda, Lickliter, Jason, Francis, Barbara, Rockman, Steve, Bodle, Jesse, Treasure, Peter, Hickling, Julian and Fernando, Germain J.P. (2020). Safety, tolerability and immunogenicity of influenza vaccination with a high-density microarray patch: results from a randomized, controlled phase I clinical trial. PLoS Medicine, 17 (3) e1003024, e1003024. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003024
Muller, David A., Depelsenaire, Alexandra C. I., Shannon, Ashleigh E., Watterson, Daniel, Corrie, Simon R., Owens, Nick S., Agyei-Yeboah, Christiana, Cheung, Stacey T. M., Zhang, Jin, Fernando, Germain J. P., Kendall, Mark A. F. and Young, Paul R. (2019). Efficient delivery of dengue virus subunit vaccines to the skin by microprojection arrays. Vaccines, 7 (4) 189, 189. doi: 10.3390/vaccines7040189
Ng, Hwee-Ing, Tuong, Zewen K., Fernando, Germain J. P., Depelsenaire, Alexandra C. I., Meliga, Stefano C., Frazer, Ian H. and Kendall, Mark A. F. (2019). Microprojection arrays applied to skin generate mechanical stress, induce an inflammatory transcriptome and cell death, and improve vaccine-induced immune responses. npj Vaccines, 4 (1) 41, 41. doi: 10.1038/s41541-019-0134-4
Fernando, Germain J. P., Hickling, Julian, Jayashi Flores, Cesar M., Griffin, Paul, Anderson, Christopher D., Skinner, S. Rachel, Davies, Cristyn, Witham, Katey, Pryor, Melinda, Bodle, Jesse, Rockman, Steve, Frazer, Ian H. and Forster, Angus H. (2018). Safety, tolerability, acceptability and immunogenicity of an influenza vaccine delivered to human skin by a novel high-density microprojection array patch (Nanopatchâ„¢). Vaccine, 36 (26), 3779-3788. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.05.053
Muller, David A., Fernando, Germain J. P., Owens, Nick S., Agyei-Yeboah, Christiana, Wei, Jonathan C. J., Depelsenaire, Alexandra C. I., Forster, Angus, Fahey, Paul, Weldon, William C., Oberste, M. Steven, Young, Paul R. and Kendall, Mark A. F. (2017). High-density microprojection array delivery to rat skin of low doses of trivalent inactivated poliovirus vaccine elicits potent neutralising antibody responses. Scientific Reports, 7 (1) 12644, 12644. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-13011-0
Fernando, Germain J. P., Zhang, Jin, Ng, Hwee-Ing, Haigh, Oscar L., Yukiko, Sally R. and Kendall, Mark A. F. (2016). Influenza nucleoprotein DNA vaccination by a skin targeted, dry coated, densely packed microprojection array (Nanopatch) induces potent antibody and CD8+ T cell responses. Journal of Controlled Release, 237, 35-41. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.06.045
Ng, Hwee-Ing, Fernando, Germain J. P., Depelsenaire, Alexandra C. I. and Kendall, Mark A. F. (2016). Potent response of QS-21 as a vaccine adjuvant in the skin when delivered with the Nanopatch, resulted in adjuvant dose sparing. Scientific Reports, 6 (1) 29368, 29368. doi: 10.1038/srep29368
Crichton, Michael Lawrence, Muller, David Alexander, Depelsenaire, Alexandra Christina Isobel, Pearson, Frances Elizabeth, Wei, Jonathan, Coffey, Jacob, Zhang, Jin, Fernando, Germain J. P. and Kendall, Mark Anthony Fernance (2016). The changing shape of vaccination: Improving immune responses through geometrical variations of a microdevice for immunization. Scientific Reports, 6 (1) 27217, e27217.1-e27217.7. doi: 10.1038/srep27217
Raphael, Anthony P., Crichton, Michael L., Falconer, Robert J., Meliga, Stefano, Chen, Xianfeng, Fernando, Germain J. P., Huang, Han and Kendall, Mark A. F. (2016). Formulations for microprojection/microneedle vaccine delivery: structure, strength and release profiles. Journal of Controlled Release, 225, 40-52. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.01.027
Muller, David A., Pearson, Frances E., Fernando, Germain J. P., Agyei-Yeboah, Christiana, Owens, Nick S., Corrie, Simon R., Crichton, Michael L., Wei, Jonathan C. J., Weldon, William C., Oberste, M. Steven, Young, Paul R. and Kendall, Mark A. F. (2016). Inactivated poliovirus type 2 vaccine delivered to rat skin via high density microprojection array elicits potent neutralising antibody responses. Scientific Reports, 6 (22094) 22094, 1-7. doi: 10.1038/srep22094
Pearson, Frances E., McNeilly, Celia L., Crichton, Michael L., Primiero, Clare A., Yukiko, Sally R., Fernando, Germain J. P., Chen, Xianfeng, Gilbert, Sarah C., Hill, Adrian V. S. and Kendall, Mark A. F. (2013). Dry-Coated Live Viral Vector Vaccines Delivered by Nanopatch Microprojections Retain Long-Term Thermostability and Induce Transgene-Specific T Cell Responses in Mice. PLoS ONE, 8 (7) e67888, e67888.1-e67888.9. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067888
Raphael, Anthony P., Meliga, Stefano C., Chen, Xianfeng, Fernando, Germain J. P., Flaim, Christopher and Kendall, Mark A. F. (2013). Depth-resolved characterization of diffusion properties within and across minimally-perturbed skin layers. Journal of Controlled Release, 166 (2), 87-94. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.12.010
Ng, Hwee-Ing, Fernando, Germain J. P. and Kendall, Mark A. F. (2012). Induction of potent CD8(+) T cell responses through the delivery of subunit protein vaccines to skin antigen-presenting cells using densely packed microprojection arrays. Journal of Controlled Release, 162 (3), 477-484. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.07.024
Fernando, Germain J. P., Chen, Xianfeng, Primero, Clare A., Yukiko, Sally R., Fairmaid, Emily J., Corbett, Holly J., Frazer, Ian H., Brown, Lorena E. and Kendall, Mark A. F. (2012). Nanopatch targeted delivery of both antigen and adjuvant to skin synergistically drives enhanced antibody responses. Journal of Controlled Release, 159 (2), 215-221. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.01.030
Chen, Xianfeng, Fernando, Germain J. P., Raphael, Anthony P., Yukiko, Sally R., Fairmaid, Emily J., Primiero, Clare A., Frazer, Ian H., Brown, Lorena E. and Kendall, Mark A. F. (2012). Rapid kinetics to peak serum antibodies is achieved following influenza vaccination by dry-coated densely packed microprojections to skin. Journal of Controlled Release, 158 (1), 78-84. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.10.026
Chen, Xianfeng, Fernando, Germain J. P., Crichton, Michael L., Flaim, Christopher, Yukiko, Sally R., Fairmaid, Emily J., Corbett, Holly J., Primiero, Clare A., Ansaldo, Alexander B., Frazer, Ian H., Brown, Lorena E. and Kendall, Mark A. F. (2011). Improving the reach of vaccines to low-resource regions, with a needle-free vaccine delivery device and long-term thermostabilization. Journal of Controlled Release, 152 (3), 349-355. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.02.026
Chen, Xianfeng, Corbett, Holly J., Yukiko, Sally R., Raphael, Anthony P., Fairmaid, Emily J., Prow, Tarl W., Brown, Lorena E., Fernando, Germain J. P. and Kendall, Mark A. F. (2011). Site-selectively coated, densely-packed microprojection array patches for targeted delivery of vaccines to skin. Advanced Functional Materials, 21 (3), 464-473. doi: 10.1002/adfm.201000966
Chen, Xianfeng, Kask, Angela Shaulov, Crichton, Michael L., McNeilly, Celia, Yukiko, Sally, Dong, Lichun, Marshak, Joshua O., Jarrahian, Courtney, Fernando, Germain J. P., Chen, Dexiang, Koelle, David M. and Kendall, Mark A.F. (2010). Improved DNA vaccination by skin-targeted delivery using dry-coated densely-packed microprojection arrays. Journal of Controlled Release, 148 (3), 327-333. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.09.001
Corrie, Simon R., Fernando, Germain J. P., Crichton, Michael L., Brunck, Marion E. G., Anderson, Chris D. and Kendall, Mark A. F. (2010). Surface-modified microprojection arrays for intradermal biomarker capture, with low non-specific protein binding. Lab On a Chip, 10 (20), 2655-2658. doi: 10.1039/c0lc00068j
Corbett, Holly J., Fernando, Germain J. P., Chen, Xianfeng, Frazer, Ian H. and Kendall, Mark A. F. (2010). Skin vaccination against cervical cancer associated human papillomavirus with a novel micro-projection array in a mouse model. PLoS One, 5 (10) e13460, e13460.1-e13460.9. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013460
Prow, Tarl W., Chen, Xianfeng, Prow, Natalie A., Fernando, Germain J. P., Tan, Cindy S. E., Raphael, Anthony P., Chang, David, Ruutu, Merja P., Jenkins, Derek W. K., Pyke, Alyssa, Crichton, Michael L., Raphaelli, Kristin, Goh, Lucas Y. H., Frazer, Ian H., Roberts, Michael S., Gardner, Joy, Khromykh, Alexander A., Suhrbier, Andreas, Hall, Roy A. and Kendall, Mark A. F. (2010). Nanopatch-targeted skin vaccination against West Nile virus and chikungunya virus in mice. Small, 6 (16), 1776-1784. doi: 10.1002/smll.201000331
Raphael, Anthony P., Prow, Tarl W., Crichton, Michael L., Chen, Xianfeng, Fernando, Germain J. P. and Kendall, Mark A. F. (2010). Targeted, needle-free vaccinations in skin using multi layered, densely-packed dissolving microprojection arrays. Small, 6 (16), 1785-1793. doi: 10.1002/smll.201000326
Crichton, Michael L., Ansaldo, Alexander, Chen, Xianfeng, Prow, Tarl W., Fernando, Germain J. P. and Kendall, Mark A. F. (2010). The effect of strain rate on the precision of penetration of short densely-packed microprojection array patches coated with vaccine. Biomaterials, 31 (16), 4562-4572. doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.02.022
Fernando, Germain J. P., Chen, Xianfeng, Prow, Tarl W., Crichton, Michael L., Fairmaid, Emily J., Roberts, Michael S., Frazer, Ian H., Brown, Lorena E. and Kendall, Mark A. F. (2010). Potent immunity to low doses of influenza vaccine by probabilistic guided micro-targeted skin delivery in a mouse model. PLoS One, 5 (4) e10266, e10266.1-e10266.11. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010266
Chen, Xianfeng, Prow, Tarl W., Crichton, Michael L., Jenkins, Derek W.K., Roberts, Michael S., Frazer, Ian H., Fernando, Germain J.P. and Kendall, Mark A.F. (2009). Dry-coated microprojection array patches for targeted delivery of immunotherapeutics to the skin. Journal of Controlled Release, 139 (3), 212-220. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.06.029
Narayan, S., Choyce, A., Linedale, R., Saunders, N. A., Dahler, A., Chan, E., Fernando, G. J., Frazer, I. H. and Leggatt, G. R. (2009). Epithelial expression of human papillomavirus type 16 E7 protein results in peripheral CD8 T-cell suppression mediated by CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells. European Journal of Immunology, 39 (2), 481-490. doi: 10.1002/eji.200838527
Zhong, Jie, Usriansyah Usriansyah, Rachel De Kluyver, Leggatt, Graham R., Fernando, Germain J. and Frazer, Ian H. (2008). TLR7 stimulation augments T effector-mediated rejection, of skin expressing neo-self antigen in keratinocytes. European Journal of Immunology, 38 (1), 73-81. doi: 10.1002/eji.200737599
Narayan, S., Choyce, A., Fernando, G. J. P. and Leggatt, G. R. (2007). Secondary immunisation with high-dose heterologous peptide leads to CD8 T cell populations with reduced functional avidity. European Journal of Immunology, 37 (2), 406-415. doi: 10.1002/eji.200535688
Liu, Xiao Song, Dyer, Joanne, Leggatt, Graham R., Fernando, Germain J. P., Zhong, Jie, Thomas, Ranjeny and Frazer, Ian H. (2006). Overcoming original antigenic sin to generate new CD8 T cell IFN-gamma responses in an antigen-experienced host. Journal of Immunology, 177 (5), 2873-2879. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.5.2873
Narayan, S., Fernando, G., Frazer, I. H. and Leggatt, G. (2005). A model of peripheral CD8(+) T cell tolerance against skin antigen. Tissue Antigens, 66 (5), 501-501. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2005.00523.x
Khammanivong, V., Peters, T., Andrews, M., Leggatt, G. R., Frazer, I. H. and Fernando, G. J. (2005). The role of CD4 T help in multiple vaccinations when using minimal CD8 T cell epitope peptides. Tissue Antigens, 66 (5), 415-415.
Zhong, J., De Kluyver, R., Leggatt, G. R., Fernando, G. J. and Frazer, I. H. (2005). Local inflammation is crucial for T cell mediated rejection of skin graft expressing foreign antigen. Tissue Antigens, 66 (5), 600-600.
Leggatt, G. R., Saunders, N., Dahler, A., Fernando, G. J., Matsumoto, K., Narayan, S., Linedale, R., Choyce, A. and Frazer, I. H. (2005). Transgenic expression of a viral oncoprotein exclusively in K14(+) epithelial cells results in peripheral but not central CD8 T cell tolerance. Tissue Antigens, 66 (5), 475-476.
Gao, Feng-Guang, Fernando, Germain J. P. and Liu, Wen-Jun (2005). The role of TH cells in memory CTL mediated tumor protection. Chinese Journal of Microbiology and Immunology, 25 (4), 286-291.
Liu, X., Leggatt, G., Fernando, G. J. and Frazer, I. H. (2005). Overcoming original antigenic sin to generate effective immune responses in antigen primed host. Tissue Antigens, 66 (5), 481-481.
Andrews, Melanie R., Peters, Tania, Khammanivong, Vithagna, Leggatt, Graham R., Frazer, Ian H. and Fernando, Germain J. P. (2004). Functional memory CD8+ T cells can be generated in vivo without evident T help. Vaccine, 23 (6), 739-742. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.07.027
Zhong, J., Matsumoto, K., De Kluyver, R., Fernando, G. J. P., Leggatt, G. R. and Frazer, I. H. (2004). Human growth hormone (hGH) presented by K14hGH-transgenic skin grafts induces a strong immune response but no graft rejection. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 123 (6), A113-A113.
Leggatt, Graham R., Narayan, Sharmal, Fernando, Germain J. P. and Frazer, Ian H. (2004). Changes to peptide structure, not concentration, contribute to expansion of the lowest avidity cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Journal of Leukocyte Biology, 76 (4), 787-795. doi: 10.1189/jlb.0104026
Stewart, Trina J., Fernando, Germain J. P., Frazer, Ian H. and Leggatt, Graham R. (2004). Tumour susceptibility to innate and adaptive immunotherapy changes during tumour maturation. Immunology and Cell Biology, 82 (5), 455-461. doi: 10.1111/j.0818-9641.2004.01273.x
Stewart, Trina J., Drane, Debbie, Malliaros, Jim, Elmer, Heidi, Malcolm, Karen M., Cox, John C., Edwards, Stirling J., Frazer, Ian H. and Fernando, Germain J. P. (2004). ISCOMATRIX (TM) adjuvant: An adjuvant suitable for use in anticancer vaccines. Vaccine, 22 (27-28), 3738-3743. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.03.026
Liu, X. S., Xu, Y., Zhao, W. M., Fernando, G. J. P., Leggatt, G. R. and Frazer, I. H. (2004). Erratum: IL-10 Mediates Suppression of the CD8 T Cell IFN-γ Response to a Novel Viral Epitope in a Primed Host (Journal of Immunology (2003) 171 (4765-4772)). Journal of Immunology, 172 (2), 1311-1311. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.2.1311-a
Zhong, Jie, Matsumoto, Koji, De Kluyver, Rachel, Fernando, Germain J. P., Leggatt, Graham R. and Frazer, Ian H. (2004). Human growth hormone presented by K14hGH-transgenic skin grafts induces a strong immune response but no graft rejection. Immunology and Cell Biology, 82 (6), 577-586. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1711.2004.01292.x
Matsumoto, K., Leggatt, G. R., Zhong, J., Liu, X. S., De Kluyver, R. L., Peters, T., Fernando, G. J. P., Liem, A., Lambert, P. F. and Frazer, I. H. (2004). Impaired Antigen Presentation and Effectiveness of Combined Active/Passive Immunotherapy for Epithelial Tumors. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 96 (21), 1611-1619. doi: 10.1093/jnci/dhj301
Liu, Xiao Song, Xu, Yan, Hardy, Lani, Khammanivong, Vithagna, Zhao, Weiming M., Fernando, Germain J. P., Leggatt, Graham R. and Frazer, Ian H. (2003). IL-10 Mediates Suppression of the CD8 T Cell IFN-γ Response to a Novel Viral Epitope in a Primed Host. Journal of Immunology, 171 (9), 4765-4772. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.9.4765
Stewart, Trina J., Smyth, Mark J., Fernando, Germain J. P., Frazer, Ian H. and Leggatt, Graham R. (2003). Inhibition of early tumor growth requires Jα18-positive (natural killer T) cells. Cancer Research, 63 (12), 3058-3060.
Khammanivong, Vithagna, Liu, Xiao Song, Liu, Wen Jun, Rodda, Stuart J., Leggatt, Graham R., Tindle, Robert W., Frazer, Ian H. and Fernando, Germain J. P. (2003). Paucity of functional CTL epitopes in the E7 oncoprotein of cervical cancer associated human papillomavirus type 16. Immunology and Cell Biology, 81 (1), 1-7. doi: 10.1046/j.1440-1711.2003.01130.x
Gao, Feng Guang, Khammanivong, Vithagna, Liu, Wen Jun, Leggatt, Graham R., Frazer, Ian H. and Fernando, Germain J. P. (2002). Antigen-specific CD4+ T-Cell Help Is Required to Activate a Memory CD8+ T Cell to a Fully Functional Tumor Killer Cell. Cancer Research, 62 (22), 6438-6441.
Liu, Wen Jun, Gao, Fengguang, Zhao, Kong Nan, Zhao, Weiming, Fernando, Germain J. G., Thomas, Ranjeny and Frazer, Ian H. (2002). Codon modified human papillomavirus type 16 E7 DNA vaccine enhances cytotoxic T-lymphocyte induction and anti-tumour activity. Virology, 301 (1), 43-52. doi: 10.1006/viro.2002.1584
Fernando, G. J. P., Khammanivong, V., Leggatt, G. R., Liu, W. J. and Frazer, I. H. (2002). The number of long-lasting functional memory CD8(+) T cells generated depends on the nature of the initial nonspecific stimulation. European Journal of Immunology, 32 (6), 1541-1549. doi: 10.1002/1521-4141(200206)32:6<1541::AID-IMMU1541>3.0.CO;2-S
Liu, Wen jun, Zhao, Kong-Nan, Gao, Feng Guang, Leggatt, Graham R., Fernando, Germain J. and Frazer, Ian H. (2001). Polynucleotide viral vaccines: codon optimisation and ubiquitin conjugation enhances prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy. Vaccine, 20 (5-6), 862-869. doi: 10.1016/S0264-410X(01)00406-6
Azoury-Ziadeh, R, Herd, K, Fernando, GJP, Lambert, P, Frazer, IH and Tindle, RW (2001). Low level expression of human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) E6 in squamous epithelium does not elicit E6 specific B- or T-helper immunological responses, or influence the outcome of immunisation with E6 protein. Virus Research, 73 (2), 189-199. doi: 10.1016/S0168-1702(00)00241-0
Fang, N., Frazer, I. H. and Fernando, G. J. (2000). Differences in the post-translational modifications of human papillomavirus type 6b major capsid protein expressed from a baculovirus system compared with a vaccinia virus system. Biotechnology And Applied Biochemistry, 32 (1), 27-33. doi: 10.1042/BA20000001
Doan, Tracy, Herd, Karen A., Lambert, Paul F., Fernando, Germain J. P., Street, Michael D. and Tindle, Robert W. (2000). Peripheral tolerance to human papillomavirus E7 oncoprotein occurs by cross-tolerization, is largely Th-2-independent, and is broken by dendritic cell immunization. Cancer Research, 60 (11), 2810-2815.
Abdul Jabbar, I., Fernando, G. J., Saunders, N. A., Aldovini, A., Young, R., Malcolm, K. M. and Frazer, I. H. (2000). Immune responses induced by BCG recombinant for human papillomavirus L1 and E7 proteins. Vaccine, 18 (22), 2444-2453. doi: 10.1016/S0264-410X(99)00550-2
Doan, Tracy, Herd, Karen, Street, Michael, Bryson, Gregory, Fernando, Germain, Lambert, Paul and Tindle, Robert (1999). Human papillomavirus type 16 E7 oncoprotein expressed in peripheral epithelium tolerizes E7-directed cytotoxic T-lymphocyte precursors restricted through human (and mouse) major histocompatibility complex class I alleles. Journal of Virology, 73 (7), 6166-6170. doi: 10.1128/jvi.73.7.6166-6170.1999
Fang, Ning-Xia, Frazer, Ian H., Zhou, Jian and Fernando, Germain J. P. (1999). Post translational modifications of recombinant human Papillomavirus type 6b major capsid protein. Virus Research, 60 (2), 113-121. doi: 10.1016/S0168-1702(98)00117-8
Fernando, G. J. P., Murray, B., Zhou, J. and Frazer, I. H. (1999). Expression, purification and immunological characterization of the transforming protein E7, from cervical cancer-associated human papillomavirus type 16. Clinical & Experimental Immunology, 115 (3), 397-403. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.1999.00813.x
Azoury-Ziadeh, Rania, Herd, Karen, Fernando, Germain J. P., Frazer, Ian H. and Tindle, Robert W. (1999). T-Helper epitopes identified within the E6 transforming protein of cervical cancer-associated human papillomavirus type 16. Viral Immunology, 12 (4), 297-312. doi: 10.1089/vim.1999.12.297
Fernando, Germain J. P., Stewart, Trina J., Tindle, Robert W. and Frazer, Ian H. (1998). Th2-type CD4(+) cells neither enhance nor suppress antitumor CTL activity in a mouse tumor model. Journal of Immunology, 161 (5), 2421-2427.
Frazer, Ian H., Fernando, Germain J. P., Fowler, Nina, Leggatt, Graham R., Lambert, Paul F., Liem, Amy, Malcolm, Karen and Tindle, Robert W. (1998). Split tolerance to a viral antigen expressed in thymic epithelium and keratinocytes. European Journal of Immunology, 28 (9), 2791-2800. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1521-4141(199809)28:09<2791::AID-IMMU2791>3.0.CO;2-B
Doan, Tracy, Chambers, Melita, Street, Michael, Fernando, Germain J. P., Herd, Karen, Lambert, Paul and Tindle, Robert (1998). Mice expressing the E7 oncogene of HPV16 in epithelium show central tolerance, and evidence of peripheral anergising tolerance, to E7-encoded cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitopes. Virology, 244 (2), 352-364. doi: 10.1006/viro.1998.9128
Fernando, G. J. P., Stewart, T. J., Tindle, R. W. and Frazer, I. H. (1998). Vaccine-induced Th1-type responses are dominant over Th2-type responses in the short term whereas pre-existing Th2 responses are dominant in the longer term. Scandinavian Journal of Immunology, 47 (5), 459-465. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3083.1998.00327.x
Peng, Shiwen W., Frazer, Ian H., Fernando, Germain J. P. and Zhou, Jian (1998). Papillomavirus virus-like particles can deliver defined CTL epitopes to the MHC class I pathway. Virology, 240 (1), 147-157. doi: 10.1006/viro.1997.8912
Thomson, SA, Sherritt, MA, Medveczky, J, Elliott, SL, Moss, DJ, Fernando, GJP, Brown, LE and Suhrbier, A (1998). Delivery of multiple CD8 cytotoxic T cell epitopes by DNA vaccination. Journal of Immunology, 160 (4), 1717-1723.
Dunn, Linda A., Evander, Magnus, Tindle, Robert W., Bulloch, Anne Louise, de Kluyver, Rachel L., Fernando, Germain J. P., Lambert, Paul F. and Frazer, Ian H. (1997). Presentation of the HPV16E7 protein by skin grafts is insufficient to allow graft rejection in an E7-primed animal. Virology, 235 (1), 94-103. doi: 10.1006/viro.1997.8650
Herd, K., Fernando, G. J. P., Dunn, L. A., Frazer, I. H., Lambert, P. and Tindle, R. W. (1997). E7 oncoprotein of human papillomavirus type 16 expressed constitutively in the epidermis has no effect on E7-specific B- or Th-repertoires or on the immune response induced or sustained after immunization with E7 protein. Virology, 231 (1), 155-165. doi: 10.1006/viro.1997.8491
Peterson, AM, Fernando, Gjp and Wells, MA (1995). Purification, Characterization and Cdna Sequence of An Alkaline Chymotrypsin From the Midgut of Manduca-Sexta. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 25 (7), 765-774. doi: 10.1016/0965-1748(94)00092-V
Frazer, I. H., Leippe, D. M., Dunn, L. A., Liem, A., Tindle, R. W., Fernando, G. J. P., Phelps, W. C. and Lambert, P. F. (1995). Immunological responses in human papillomavirus 16 E6/E7-transgenic mice to E7 protein correlate with the presence of skin disease. Cancer Research, 55 (12), 2635-2639.
Fernando, G.J.P., Tindle, R.W and Frazer, I.H. (1995). T-helper epitopes of the E7 transforming protein of cervical-cancer associated human papillomavirus type-18 (hpv18). Virus Research, 36 (1), 1-13. doi: 10.1016/0168-1702(94)00101-H
Fernando, Germain J. P., Stenzel, Deborah J., Tindle, Robert W., Merza, Malik S., Morein, Bror and Frazer, Ian H. (1995) Peptide polymerisation facilitates incorporation into ISCOMs and increases antigen-specific IgG2a production. Vaccine, 13 15: 1460-1467. doi:10.1016/0264-410X(95)00029-Z
Tindle, R. W., Croft, S., Herd, K., Malcolm, K., Geczy, A. F., Stewart, T. and Fernando, G. J. (1995). A vaccine conjugate of 'ISCAR' immunocarrier and peptide epitopes of the E7 cervical cancer-associated protein of human papillomavirus type 16 elicits specific Th1- and Th2-type responses in immunized mice in the absence of oil-based adjuvants. Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 101 (2), 265-271. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1995.tb08349.x
Kadish, Anna S., Romney, Seymour L., Ledwidge, Richard, Tindle, Robert, Fernando, Germain J. P., Zee, Sui Y., Van Ranst, Marc A. and Burk, Robert D. (1994). Cell-mediated immune responses to E7 peptides of human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 are dependent on the HPV type infecting the cervix whereas serological reactivity is not type-specific. Journal of General Virology, 75 (9), 2277-2284. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-75-9-2277
Kadish, A. S., Romney, S. L., Ledwidge, R., Tindle, R., Fernando, G. J. P., Zee, S. Y., Vanranst, M. A. and Burk, R. D. (1994). Cell-Mediated Immune-Responses to E7 Peptides of Human Papillomavirus (hpv) Type-16 Are Dependent On the Hpv Type Infecting the Cervix Whereas Serological Reactivity Is Not Type-Specific. Journal of General Virology, 75, 2277-2284. doi: 10.1099/0022-1317-75-9-2277
Tindle, Robert W., Herd, Karen, Londoño, Patricia, Fernando, Germain J. P., Chatfield, Steven N., Malcolm, Karen and Dougan, Gordon (1994). Chimeric hepatitis B core antigen particles containing B- and Th-epitopes of human papillomavirus type 16 E7 protein induce specific antibody and T-helper responses in immunised mice. Virology, 200 (2), 547-557. doi: 10.1006/viro.1994.1217
Tindle, Robert W., Murray, Barbara, Herd, Karen, Kennedy, Lynn, O'Connor, Dan T., Fernando, Germain J. P. and Frazer, Ian H. (1992). Humoral immune response to the E7 open reading frame protein of human papillomavirus genotype 16 in subjects with anogenital papillomavirus infection and controls. Immunology and Infections Diseases, 2, 223-228.
Zhou, J., Sun, X. Y., Fernando, G. J. P. and Frazer, I. H. (1992). The vaccinia virus K2L gene encodes a serine protease inhibitor which inhibits cell-cell fusion. Virology, 189 (2), 678-686. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(92)90591-C
Sparrow, JT, Sparrow, DA, Fernando, G, Culwell, AR, Kovar, M and Gotto, AM (1992). Apolipoprotein-E - Phospholipid Binding-Studies with Synthetic Peptides From the Carboxyl Terminus. Biochemistry, 31 (4), 1065-1068. doi: 10.1021/bi00119a015
Tindle, Robert W., Fernando, Germain J. P., Sterling, Jane C. and Frazer, Ian H. (1991). A 'public' T-helper epitope of the E7 transforming protein of human papillomavirus 16 provides cognate help for several E7 B-cell epitopes from cervical cancer-associated human papillomavirus genotypes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 88 (13), 5887-5891. doi: 10.1073/pnas.88.13.5887
Fernandowarnakulasuriya, Gjp, Tsuchida, K and Wells, MA (1988). Effect of Dietary-Lipid Content On Lipid Transport and Storage During Larval Development of Manduca-Sexta. Insect Biochemistry, 18 (2), 211-214. doi: 10.1016/0020-1790(88)90025-X
Fernandowarnakulasuriya, Gjp and Wells, MA (1988). Isolation and Characterization of Lipophorin From Drosophila-Melanogaster Larvae. Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology, 8 (4), 243-248. doi: 10.1002/arch.940080405
Cole, Kenneth D., Fernando-Warnakulasuriya, Germain J. P., Boguski, Mark S., Freeman, Mark, Gordon, Jeffrey I., Clark, Wallace A., Law, John H. and Wells, Michael A. (1987). Primary structure and comparative sequence-analysis of an insect apolipoprotein: apolipophorin-Iii from Manduca-sexta. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 262 (24), 11794-11800.
Prasad, Sarvamangala V., Fernando-Warnakulasuriya, Germain J. P., Sumida, Motoyuki, Law, John H. and Wells, Michael A. (1986). Lipoprotein biosynthesis in the larvae of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca-sexta. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 261 (36), 7174-7176.
Prasad, S. V., Fernando-Warnakulasuriya, G. J. P., Sumida, M., Law, J. H. and Wells, M. A. (1986). Lipoprotein biosynthesis in the larvae of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 261 (36), 17174-17176. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)76015-3
Fernando, G, Zimmermann, W and Kolattukudy, PE (1984). Suberin-Grown Fusarium-Solani F-Sp Pisi Generates a Cutinase-Like Esterase Which Depolymerizes the Aliphatic Components of Suberin. Physiological Plant Pathology, 24 (2), 143-155. doi: 10.1016/0048-4059(84)90022-5
Fernandowarnakulasuriya, Gjp, Eckerson, ML, Clark, WA and Wells, MA (1983). Lipoprotein Metabolism in the Suckling Rat - Characterization of Plasma and Lymphatic Lipoproteins. Journal of Lipid Research, 24 (12), 1626-1638.
Fernandowarnakulasuriya, Gjp, Staggers, JE, Frost, SC and Wells, MA (1981). Studies On Fat Digestion, Absorption, and Transport in the Suckling Rat .1. Fatty-Acid Composition and Concentrations of Major Lipid Components. Journal of Lipid Research, 22 (4), 668-674.
Staggers, JE, Fernandowarnakulasuriya, Gjp and Wells, MA (1981). Studies On Fat Digestion, Absorption, and Transport in the Suckling Rat .2. Triacylglycerols - Molecular-Species, Stereospecific Analysis, and Specificity of Hydrolysis by Lingual Lipase. Journal of Lipid Research, 22 (4), 675-679.
Conference Papers
Chen, X., Fernando, G. J. P., Corbett, H., Prow, T. W., Crichton, M. L. and Kendall, M. A. F. (2010). Fast evaporation aided coating of densely packed and short microprojection patches for enhanced vaccine delivery to the skin. 3rd International Conference on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICONN) 2010, Sydney NSW Australia, 22-26 February 2010. Piscatawa, NJ United States: I E E E. doi: 10.1109/ICONN.2010.6045237
Crichton, M., Ansaldo, A., Chen, X., Prow, T., Tan, C., Fernando, G. and Kendall, M. A. F. (2009). Using velocity of application for targeted delivery of vaccines into skin using micronanoprojections. 36th Annual Meeting and Exposition of the Controlled Release Society, Copenhagen, Denmark, 18-22 July 2009.
Fernando, Germain J. P., Chen, XianFeng, Prow, Tarl, Crichton, Michael, Frazer, Ian H., Brown, Lorena E. and Kendall, Mark A. F. (2009). A novel Nanopatch that directly delivers influenza vaccine painlessly to antigen presenting cells in the skin and affords high dose reduction. Third International Conference on Modern Vaccines Adjuvants & Delivery Systems, Vienna, Austria, 28-30 October 2009.
Xianfeng Chen, Tarl Prow, Michael Crichton, Fernando, Germain J. and Kendall, Mark A. (2008). Novel coating of Micro-nanoprojection patches for targeted vaccine delivery to skin. 2008 International Conference on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Melbourne , Australia, February 25-29, 2008. New York , U.S.A.: IEEE. doi: 10.1109/ICONN.2008.4639257
Chen, X., Crichton, M. L., Fernando, G. J. P., Kendall, M. A. F. and Prow, T. W. (2008). Micro-nanoprojection array patches for targeted vaccine delivery to skin: investigation of mechanical penetration interactions. Engineering and Physical Sciences in Medicine and the Australian Biomedical Engineering Conference, Christchurch, New Zealand, 16-20 November 2008.
Tarl Prow, Xianfeng Chen, Michael Crichton, Yash Tiwari, Francesca Gradassi, Kristin Raphaelli, Mahony, Donna, Fernando, Germain J., Roberts, Michael S. and Kendall, Mark A. (2008). Targeted Epidermal Delivery of Vaccines from Coated Micro-Nanoprojection Patches. International Conference of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Melbourne, Australia, February 25-29, 2008. New York , U.S.A.: IEEE. doi: 10.1109/ICONN.2008.4639262
Frazer, I. H., Dunn, L. A., Fernando, G. J., Tindle, R. W., Leippe, D. M. and Lambert, P. F. (1995). Hpv16 E7 Transgenic Skin Is Not Rejected in E7 Immunized Mice. Keystone Symposia on Molecular & Cellular Biology, Keystone, CO United States, 16-23 January 1995 . NEW YORK: Wiley-Blackwell.
Fernando, G. J. P., Tindle, R. W., Frazer, I. H., Stenzel, D. J., Merza, M. S. and Morein, B. (1994). Small Synthetic Peptides as Vaccines - a Model Peptide Iscom Construct From Cancer-Associated Human Papillomavirus. 11th Annual Meeting on Modern Approaches to New Vaccines, Cold Spring Harbor, NY United States, September 1993. PLAINVIEW: COLD SPRING HARBOR LABORATORY PRESS.
Frazer, I. H., Lieppe, D., Lambert, P., Griep, A., Dunn, L., Tindle, R. W. and Fernando, G. (1994). A Transgenic Mouse Model of the Immunobiology of Hpv16 Induced Cervical-Cancer. Keystone Symposia on Molecular & Cellular Biology, Taos, New Mexico , 13 - 20 February 1994. NEW YORK: Wiley-Blackwell.
Dunn, L. A., Tindle, R. W., Fernando, G. J. and Frazer, I. H. (1993). An Improved Immunoassay for the E7 Protein of Hpv16. -, -, 1993. BETHESDA: Wiley-Blackwell.
Fernando, G. J., Zhou, J., Tindle, R. W. and Frazer, I. H. (1993). Adjuvants Can Bias to Th1 or Th2 the Immune-Response to Hpv E7 Protein in Mice. -, -, 1993. BETHESDA: Wiley-Blackwell.
Frazer, I. H., Lieppe, D., Lambert, P., Griep, A., Tindle, R. W. and Fernando, G. (1993). A Transgenic Mouse Model of the Immunobiology of Hpv16 Induced Cervical-Cancer. -, -, 1993. BETHESDA: FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL.
Fernandowarnakulasuriya, Gjp, Law, JH and Wells, MA (1986). Amino-Acid-Sequence of Insect Apolipophorin-III. NEW YORK: WILEY-LISS.
Patents
Kendall, Mark A., Fernando, Germain J., Chen, Xianfeng, Prow, Tarl and Corbett, Holly (2010). A method and associated apparatus for coating projections on a patch assembly. International Appl. Num.: PCT/AU2009/001366.
Kendall, Mark, Fernando, Germain, Chen, Xianfeng and Prow, Tarl (2008). Coating Method. WO2009/079712.
Tindle, Robert, Fernando, Germain and Frazer, Ian (2001). Subunit papilloma virus vaccine and peptides for use therein. US6183745B1.